runes - ορισμός. Τι είναι το runes
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Τι (ποιος) είναι runes - ορισμός

ANCIENT GERMANIC LETTER
Futhark; Runic; Futharc; Germanic rune; Runic alphabets; Futhark alphabet; Runes and their meanings; Teutonic alphabet; Scandinavian alphabet; Rune writing; ISO 15924:Runr; Runekjevle; Germanic runes; Urzu; Marcomannic runes; Futhark language; Fuþark; Germanic script; Germanic alphabet; Runr; Runic letters; Runic script; Runic alphabet; Runr (script); Runic (script); Rune; ᚱᚢᚾᛟ; Begriffsrune; Begriffsrunen; Runestave; Runestaves
  • 17th-century clog almanac collected by Sir [[Hans Sloane]]. Now in the collection of the British Museum
  • Closeup of the runic inscription found on the 6th- or 7th-century [[Björketorp Runestone]] located in [[Blekinge]], Sweden
  • Harald Blåtand]].
  • Alu]]''
  • Runic script on an 1886 gravestone in [[Parkend]], [[England]]
  • An illustration of the [[Gummarp Runestone]] (500–700 AD) from [[Blekinge]], Sweden
  • Detail of the Elder Futhark inscription on a replica of one of the 5th-century AD [[Golden Horns of Gallehus]] found on [[Jutland]], now Denmark
  • 250–400 AD}}) by Henri Trenk, 1875
  • Runic Steel Stamps, Elder Futhark

runes         
1. Anything that requires heavy wizardry or black art to parse: core dumps, JCL commands, APL or code in a language you haven't a clue how to read. Not quite as bad as line noise, but close. Compare casting the runes, Great Runes. 2. Special display characters (for example, the high-half graphics on an IBM PC). [Jargon File]
Cipher runes         
CRYPTOGRAPHICAL REPLACEMENT OF THE LETTERS OF THE RUNIC ALPHABET
Tent runes; Tree runes; Branch runes; Hook runes; Spiegelrunen; Spiegelrune; Mirror rune; Cipher rune; Coded runes
Cipher runes, or cryptic runes, are the cryptographical replacement of the letters of the runic alphabet.
Staveless runes         
  • Staveless runes.
  • Short-twig runes]], one of the two main types of the Younger Futhark, for comparison.
SIMPLIFIED SYMBOLS USED IN LATER RUNIC ALPHABETS
Hälsinge runes; Staveless Runes; Haelsinge runes; Halsinge runes; Halsinge Runes
Staveless runes were the climax of the simplification process in the evolution of runic alphabets that had started when the Elder Futhark was superseded by the Younger Futhark.Enoksen 1998:75 In order to create the staveless runes, vertical marks (or staves) were dropped from individual letters (or runes).

Βικιπαίδεια

Runes

A rune is a letter in a set of related alphabets known as runic alphabets native to the Germanic peoples. Runes were used to write various Germanic languages (with some exceptions) before they adopted the Latin alphabet, and for specialised purposes thereafter. In addition to representing a sound value (a phoneme), runes can be used to represent the concepts after which they are named (ideographs). Scholars refer to instances of the latter as Begriffsrunen ('concept runes'). The Scandinavian variants are also known as futhark or fuþark (derived from their first six letters of the script: F, U, Þ, A, R, and K); the Anglo-Saxon variant is futhorc or fuþorc (due to sound-changes undergone in Old English by the names of those six letters).

Runology is the academic study of the runic alphabets, runic inscriptions, runestones, and their history. Runology forms a specialised branch of Germanic philology.

The earliest secure runic inscriptions date from around A.D. 150, with a potentially earlier inscription dating to A.D. 50 and Roman senator Tacitus's potential description of rune use from around A.D. 98. The Svingerud Runestone dates from between A.D. 1 to 250. Runes were generally replaced by the Latin alphabet as the cultures that had used runes underwent Christianisation, by approximately A.D. 700 in central Europe and 1100 in northern Europe. However, the use of runes persisted for specialized purposes beyond this period. Up until the early 20th century, runes were still used in rural Sweden for decorative purposes in Dalarna and on runic calendars.

The three best-known runic alphabets are the Elder Futhark (ca. A.D. 150–800), the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc (400–1100), and the Younger Futhark (800–1100). The Younger Futhark is divided further into the long-branch runes (also called Danish, although they were also used in Norway, Sweden, and Frisia); short-branch or Rök runes (also called Swedish-Norwegian, although they were also used in Denmark); and the stavlösa or Hälsinge runes (staveless runes). The Younger Futhark developed further into the medieval runes (1100–1500), and the Dalecarlian runes (c. 1500–1800).

The exact development of the early runic alphabet remains unclear but the script ultimately stems from the Phoenician alphabet. Early runes may have developed from the Raetic, Venetic, Etruscan, or Old Latin as candidates. At the time, all of these scripts had the same angular letter shapes suited for epigraphy, which would become characteristic of the runes and related scripts in the region.

The process of transmission of the script is unknown. The oldest clear inscriptions are found in Denmark and northern Germany. A "West Germanic hypothesis" suggests transmission via Elbe Germanic groups, while a "Gothic hypothesis" presumes transmission via East Germanic expansion. Runes continue to be used in a wide variety of ways in modern popular culture.

Παραδείγματα από το σώμα κειμένου για runes
1. Older workers and their employers can read the runes; age counts.
2. My friends seem to believe that malts are handcrafted by mystical brotherhoods of elves according to principles set out in ancient runes.
3. Richard described how he tried to fill time on his Hebridean island making collections of pink pebbles and examining minutely the runes on Celtic crosses.
4. We‘re screwed. – The Runes, Leeds Not long before Blair becomes the new European president then. – Chris D, Edinburgh, Scotland Mad Merkel’s comment says it all.
5. Fimat, the US commodities broker, forecast a 3m barrel drop in crude oil inventories despite higher imports and falling refinery runes.